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Oliver (paladin)
Oliver (in Italian: ''Uliviero'' or ''Oliviero''), sometimes referred to as Olivier de Vienne or de Gennes, is a fictional knight in the Matter of France ''chansons de geste'', especially the French epic ''The Song of Roland''. In the tradition, he was Roland's closest friend, advisor, and confidant, one of Charlemagne's twelve peers and brother of Aude, Roland's betrothed; and he dies at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass with Roland. Some critics have linked his name to the olive tree, a biblical symbol of divine wisdom.〔Brault, 12.〕
==Oliver in the ''Song of Roland''==
Whereas the portrayal of Roland is commonly seen as recklessly courageous, Oliver was said to exhibit poise and wisdom in combat.〔The opposition Roland-Oliver and unfavorable interpretations of Roland have come under criticism by certain scholars. See Brault, 12-14.〕 He tells Roland that "heroism tempered with common sense is a far cry from madness; / Reasonableness is to be preferred to recklessness."〔Brault, Roland text, p.107. Another translation gives: "bravery in no sense is bravado, and prudence is worth more than recklessness."〕(Oxford manuscript, laisse 131). Oliver was fatally impaled from behind by the Saracen Marganice, but before dying, he used his sword, Hauteclere, to split his attacker's head open with one blow. (Oxford manuscript, laisses 145-150).
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